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Scientific Calculator
Decimal
Scientific
Introduction
How to Use the Calculator – Type an arithmetic expression in the Input field, then press Enter or Return on your computer keyboard or keypad, or click the = button on the calculator. The calculator evaluates your expression and displays the answer in the Result field. Context Help To get help info for any calculator button, right-click the button. A window pops up with information about that button. To close the help windows, click anywhere on the window. Also, the Context Help windows close automatically after a short time.
TIP:
Entry Errors –
If the data you type in the Input field contains disallowed symbols or formatting, the calculator will automatically notify you.
In that case, simply re-type valid data in the Input field and press Enter or Return.
TIP:
You can Copy and Paste any of the fields by selecting the text in the field, then pressing Control-C to copy, and Control-V to paste.
Input Field – Functions
Entering Functions Enter any supported function into the Input field by one of three methods:- Type the function using the computer keyboard and keypad.
- Click one of the function buttons on the calculator panel.
- Select a function from the Functions drop down menu.
Input Field – Basics
The Input field takes a general arithmetic expression, consisting of decimal numbers, arithmetic operators, functions, and parentheses for grouping. The Input field accepts data in numeric bases other than decimal, such as binary, hexadecimal, and binary, but only when the data is appropriate to a function that manipulates that type of data. These are examples of the arithmetic expressions that are allowed in the Input field: Integer: +986 * 14567 Decimal: 986.314 - 100.0 Scientific Notation: 0.3528e03 - 30E-2 Formula: (-2.7*50)/( 1 - (6.5/1.8e-2) ) Fraction: 2+3/8 Function: sin(3.14/2) - pow(3,4) Non-Decimal Number Bases: hexdec( F3A ) bindec( 101 ) Maximum Input Length: 200 charactersResult Field
Numeric Result of the Expression The arithmetic expression in the Input field is evaluated and the result is displayed as a single number in the Result field. The numeric base of the result depends on the functions contained in the Input field. For example, if the Input field contains: pow(3,2) the result is the decimal number 9. However, if the Input field contains: dechex( 999 ) the result is the hexadecimal number 3E7. Numeric Precision Precision of the calculator is 14 significant digits, from left to right. Digits after the 14 left-most digits, are not significant. Numeric Range of the calculator is: +1.797e+308 to -1.797e+308 +1.000e-311 to -1.000e-311 Calculation Errors Error messages are displayed when the result of a calculation is undefined mathematically, or when the Input expression is invalid. Some common error messages are: Division by zero INF and -INF ... +/- infinity Valid symbols: 0-9 . a-z A-Z() + ... Arithmetic expression contains error NAN ... the result is not a real numberTrigonometric & Hyperbolic Functions
Forward Trigonometric sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) where x is angle in radians Inverse Trigonometric asin(x) acos(x) atan(x) where x is dimensionless Forward Hyperbolic sinh(x) cosh(x) tanh(x) where x is hyperbolic angle Inverse Hyperbolic asinh(x) acosh(x) atanh(x) where x is dimensionless TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the = button, or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
The Power Functions
x Raised to Power pow(x,y), x to power of y e Raised to Power exp(x), e to power of x e is Euler's number, approximately 2.718 Square Root sqrt(x), x is dimensionless Log base-10 log10(x), x is dimensionless Log base-e and Log base-b log(x), log base-e of x log(x,b), log base-b of x (x,b) are dimensionless Base (b) is optional. If base (b) is not specified, the default is base-e. Modulo fmod(x,y) Divides x/y, and returns the remainder. TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the = button, or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Angle Conversions, Random Numbers
Degrees to Radians deg2rad(x), x is in degrees Radians to Degrees rad2deg(y), y is in radians Random Number mt_rand(min,max) (min,max) optional integers Returns a random number between min and max. If min and max are not given, mt_rand() returns a random number between 0 and mt_getrandmax(). The function mt_getrandmax() is available in the Functions drop down menu. It returns the maximum integer available from the mt_rand() function. TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the = button, or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Using Functions
Function Nesting The forward trig functions, such as sin(x), require an argument (x), which is an angle in radians. If you have the angle in degrees, for example 90 degrees, you can enter the following expression: sin( deg2rad( 90 ) ) In the above expression, deg2rad(90) converts 90 degrees to radians (~1.57), and the radian argument is then evaluated by the sin() function. This technique is called function nesting, and can be done with any functions, and to any depth. For example, the following expression nests functions 3-deep. However, much deeper nesting is allowed: acos( tan( pow(3.14,2))) TIP:
Close every function with a right parenthesis. If a function is not closed, the calculator will generate a parsing error.
When you are finished entering an expression, click the = button, or press Enter or Return on the keyboard or keypad to evaluate the expression and obtain the result.
Global Operator Buttons
Global Operator Buttons Click any of the Global Operator Buttons, and the button's function is executed immediately, using the contents of the Input field as the operand. When using Global Operators in general, the Input field may contain any valid expression, including other functions, and nested functions to any level. TIP:
The Global Operator Buttons are provided for quick convenient use.
A much larger selection of Global Operators is available in the Global Operators drop down menu below.
Constants, Functions, Global Operators
Constants Select any constant from the Constants drop down menu, and the constant is inserted into the Input field at the insertion point. Functions Select any function from the Functions drop down menu, and the function is added to the Input field. Global Operators Select from the Global Operators drop down menu. The selected function is executed immediately, using the contents of the Input field as the operand. When using Global Operators in general, the Input field may contain any valid expression, including other functions, and nested functions to any level. However, the bindec(), hexdec(), and octdec() global operators require a number operand. For example, the following are allowed: bindec( 1011 ) hexdec( CA87E ) octdec( 7620 ) However, the following are not allowed: bindec( sqrt(4) ) hexdec( round(4.6) ) octdec( sin(3.1) )Memory
Storing to Memory Save the Result field value to one of two Memories by clicking the Store buttons. Recalling Memory Load the Input field with either Memory value by clicking the Recall buttons. Adding to Memory Add the Result value to either Memory by clicking the Add buttons. Clearing Memory Clear either Memory by clicking the Clear buttons. Memory Manager A pop up Memory Manager is available by clicking the "Mem-Mgr" button. The Memory Manager can be used on most pages of the website, and is designed to quickly and easily transfer data from one page to another. When the Memory Manager pop up is opened, it remains open when navigating from one page to another within the website. Closing the Memory Manager- Click the X ("Close This") button on the Memory Manager.
- Click the X ("Close All") button at the top of the page to close all open pop ups.
- Click the "Mem-Mgr" button on the calculator.
- Click the "Memory" menu item at the top of the page.
C Clear All
Clears the Input field.
Clears the Result field.
Memory1 and Memory2 are NOT cleared.
CE Clear Entry
Clears the Input field.
The Result field is NOT cleared.
Memory1 and Memory2 are NOT cleared.
( Left Parenthesis
Opens a new grouping, which must be closed with a matching Right parenthesis, like so:
(8 + 3)
Parentheses are also used to enclose the arguments of a function, like so:
sin( 3.14 )
) Right Parenthesis
Closes a grouping, which was previously opened with a matching Left parenthesis, like so:
(8 + 3)
Parentheses are also used to enclose the arguments of a function, like so:
sin( 3.14 )
= Equal Button
Evaluates the expression in the Input field.
The evaluation result is displayed in the Result field.
Pressing the Enter or Return key on the computer keyboard, or computer keypad, has the same effect as clicking the = button on the calculator panel.
If evaluation produces any errors, the error messages are displayed in the Result field.
Back Backspace
Deletes the last character in the Input field.
Repeatedly clicking this button deletes the entire contents of the Input field.
To delete the entire Input field quickly, click the CE button on the calculator panel.
Sin Sine(x) Function
sin(x)
Calculates the trigonometric sine of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Inserts "sin(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
Cos Cosine(x) Function
cos(x)
Calculates the trigonometric cosine of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Inserts "cos(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
Tan Tangent(x) Function
tan(x)
Calculates the trigonometric tangent of x.
(x) must be a circular angle in radians.
Inserts "tan(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aSin Arcsine(x) Function
asin(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric sine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "asin(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aCos Arccosine(x) Function
acos(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric cosine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "acos(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aTan Arctangent(x) Function
atan(x)
Calculates the inverse trigonometric targent of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "atan(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
SinH Hyperbolic Sine(x) Function
sinh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic sine of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Inserts "sinh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
CosH Hyperbolic Cosine(x) Function
cosh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Inserts "cosh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
TanH Hyperbolic Tangent(x) Function
tanh(x)
Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of x.
(x) is a hyperbolic angle.
Inserts "tanh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aSinH Hyperbolic Areasine(x) Function
asinh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "asinh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aCosH Hyperbolic Areacosine(x) Function
acosh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "acosh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
aTanH Hyperbolic Areatangent(x) Function
atanh(x)
Calculates the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "atanh(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
Power X to power of Y Function
pow(x,y)
Calculates x raised to power of y.
(x,y) are dimensionless numbers.
Inserts "pow(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding two valid arguments.
ePower e to power of X Function
exp(x)
Calculates e raised to power of x.
e is Euler's number, approximately 2.718
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "exp(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
Sqrt Square Root Function
sqrt(x)
Calculates the square root (second root), of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "sqrt(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
To calculate other roots of x, use the pow() function, (click the Power calculator button).
For example:
pow( 10, 1/3 ) 3rd root of 10
pow( 10, 1/4 ) 4th root of 10
pow( 10, 1/5 ) 5th root of 10
etc ...
Log10 Log base-10 Function
log10(x)
Calculates the logarithm base-10 of x.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
Inserts "log10(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
LogEB Log base-e or Log base-b Function
log(x,b)
Calculates the logarithm, base-e or base-b, of x, where e is Euler's number, and b is an arbitrary base.
(x) is a dimensionless number.
(b) the base, is an optional dimensionless number.
Inserts "log(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding one or two valid arguments.
If "b" is not provided, the function returns:
logarithm base-e (x)
If "b" is provided, the function returns:
logarithm base-b (x)
Modulo Modulo Function
fmod(x,y)
Divides x by y and returns the remainder (modulo) of the division. For example:
fmod( 5, 2 ) = 1
fmod( 4, 2 ) = 0
(x,y) are dimensionless numbers.
Inserts "fmod(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding two valid arguments.
DegRad Degrees to Radians Function
deg2rad(x)
Converts degrees to radians. For example:
deg2rad( 180 ) = 3.1415926535898
deg2rad( -45 ) = -0.7853981633974
(x) is a circular angle in degrees.
Inserts "deg2rad(" to the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
RadDeg Radians to Degrees Function
rad2deg(x)
Converts radians to degrees. For example:
rad2deg( 3.1415926535898 ) = 180
rad2deg( -0.7853981633974 ) = -45
(x) is a circular angle in radians.
Inserts "rad2deg(" to the Input field at the insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after adding a valid argument.
Random Random Number Function
mt_rand(min,max)
Returns a random integer.
(min,max) are optional integers.
mt_rand() requires no arguments or two arguments.
If no arguments are provided, mt_rand() returns a random integer between 0 and mt_getrandmax().
You can obtain the value of mt_getrandmax() by selecting it from the Functions drop down menu.
If (min,max) are provided, mt_rand() returns a random integer between min and max.
(min,max) can be negative, zero, or positive integers.
Inserts "mt_rand(" to Input field at insertion point.
You must close the function by clicking the ")" button, after optionally adding two valid arguments.
The mt_rand() function uses the Mersenne Twister algorithm to quickly generate very high-quality pseudorandom integers.
7 Number Button
Inserts "7" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
8 Number Button
Inserts "8" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
9 Number Button
Inserts "9" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
4 Number Button
Inserts "4" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
5 Number Button
Inserts "5" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
6 Number Button
Inserts "6" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
1 Number Button
Inserts "1" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
2 Number Button
Inserts "2" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
3 Number Button
Inserts "3" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
0 Number Button
Inserts "0" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
. Decimal Point Button
Inserts "." to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other number buttons, to insert numeric arguments in the Input field.
, Comma Button
Inserts "," to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button to separate function arguments in the Input field. For example:
pow( 5, 3 )
+ Add Button
Inserts "+" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 + 3
- Subtract Button
Inserts "-" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 - 3
E Decimal Exponent Button
Inserts the letter "e" in the Input field at the current insertion point.
Use this button to insert Scientific Notation numbers in the Input field. For example:
3e21
15.4e-30
-2.3e+5
+8.1e-105
X Multiplication Button
Inserts "*" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 * 3
/ Division Button
Inserts "/" to Input field at insertion point.
Use this button, and the other arithmetic operator buttons, to insert numeric expressions in the Input field. For example:
5 / 3
+/- Global Sign Change Button
Calculates the negative of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
5 / 3
the Global Sign Change button evaluates the expression:
-(5 / 3)
and displays the result in the Result field:
-1.6666666666667
Surrounds the Input field with "-(" and ")"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
1/A Global Reciprocal Button
Calculates the reciprocal of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
5 - 3
the Global Reciprocal button evaluates the expression:
1.0 / (5 - 3)
and displays the result in the Result field:
0.5
Surrounds the Input field with "1.0/(" and ")"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Root2 Global Square Root Button
Calculates the square root (second root), of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
19 - 10
the Global Root-2 button evaluates the expression:
sqrt( 19 - 10 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
3
Surrounds the Input field with "sqrt(" and ")"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Store Memory Store Button
Stores the value of the Result field in the selected memory.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can store a different Result.
Recall Memory Recall Button
Recalls the value previously stored in the selected memory, and loads it into the Input field at the insertion point.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can store a different Result.
Add Memory Add Button
Adds the value of the Result field to the contents of the selected memory.
For example, if:
Memory1 = 10
Result = 2
after clicking the Add button for Memory1:
Memory1 = 12
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can store a different Result.
Clear Memory Clear Button
Clears the selected memory to the "empty" state.
The calculator has two independent memories. Each memory can store a different Result.
Root3 Global Cube Root Button
Calculates the cube root (third root), of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
18 - 10
the Global Root-3 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 18 - 10, 1/3 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
2
Surrounds the Input field with "pow(" and ",1/3)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Pow2 Global Power-of-2 Button
Calculates the power-of-2 of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
12 - 10
the Global Pow2 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 12 - 10, 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
4
Surrounds the Input field with "pow(" and ",2)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Pow3 Global Power-of-3 Button
Calculates the power-of-3 of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
12 - 10
the Global Pow3 button evaluates the expression:
pow( 12 - 10, 3 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
8
Surrounds the Input field with "pow(" and ",3)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Log2 Global Log base-2 Button
Calculates the logarithm base-2 of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
18 - 10
the Global Log2 button evaluates the expression:
log( 18 - 10, 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
3
Surrounds the Input field with "log(" and ",2)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
LogE Global Log base-e Button
Calculates the logarithm base-e of the entire expression in the Input field, where e is Euler's number, (~2.718).
For example, if the Input field contains:
100 - 5
the Global LogE button evaluates the expression:
log( 100 - 5, M_E )
and displays the result in the Result field:
4.5538768916005
Surrounds the Input field with "log(" and ",M_E)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Log10 Global Log base-10 Button
Calculates the logarithm base-10 of the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
105 - 5
the Global Log10 button evaluates the expression:
log( 105 - 5, 10 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
2
Surrounds the Input field with "log(" and ",10)"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Round Global Round Button
Rounds to the nearest integer the entire expression in the Input field.
For example, if the Input field contains:
3.1415 * 2
the Global Round button evaluates the expression:
round( 3.1415 * 2 )
and displays the result in the Result field:
6
Surrounds the Input field with "round(" and ")"
This button is provided for convenience. A much larger selection of global functions is provided in the Global Operators drop down menu.
Mem-Mgr Memory Manager Button
Opens and closes the pop up Memory Manager.
The Memory Manager can be used on most pages of the website, and is designed to quickly and easily transfer data from one page to another.
When the Memory Manager pop up is opened, it remains open when navigating from one page to another within the website.
Closing the Memory Manager
- Click the X ("Close This") button on the Memory Manager.
- Click the X ("Close All") button at the top of the page to close all open pop ups.
- Click the "Mem-Mgr" button on the calculator.
- Click the "Memory" menu item at the top of the page.
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